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 Total views 14dollarama bdf  GL S T U D E N T N A M E S A N I Contents Introduction:

Our stores provide customers with compelling value in convenient locations, including metropolitan areas, mid-sized cities and small towns. 00/case. Learn how Dollarama, the only national pure play dollar store chain in the country, achieved strong growth and profitability in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022. Allowance uncollectable taxes 3% Revenue for property tax Cr. Case for T2 - Dollarama. docx from SEC 201 at Grand Canyon University. The company sources its goods primarily from Asia. 5. Dollarama has over 1400 stores and is present in all Canadian provinces; Ontario has the most locations. Dollarama Inc. Stock-market darling Dollarama (DOL. * Your application for: * Attach your resume: Choose file. 0 millio n • Sales growth of 12. 33 billion in 2022. Dollarama L. What does dollarama mean? Information and translations of dollarama in the most comprehensive. 96 billion and EBITDA of $703. 16 AM. Dollarama, the Canadian owned retail chain headquartered in Montreal, was the leading dollar store in Canada as of January 2018, with 1,160 locations. Description Are you ready for your next career opportunity? If you are looking to manage with a highly visible, hands-on approach and provide the leadership and vision to fuel the growth of a successful Canadian business, then we are the right. 1% equity investment in Dollarcity, a value retailer headquartered in Panama. S. Analyze the Dollarama Color. It also speaks to the team’s collective commitment to our purpose of providing Canadians with theDOLLARAMA REPORTS FISCAL 2024 FIRST QUARTER RESULTS • 17. March 30, 2022. Based on the zip codes of U. DOLLARAMA INC. docx from BUSINESS 401-302-VA at Vanier Collegiate. docx. The most common positions for hire include entry-level jobs featuring part-time hours. Careers with Dollarama. 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Third Quarter Ended October 31, 2021 December 8, 2021 The following management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) dated December 8, 2021 is intended to assist readers in understanding the business environment, strategies, performance and risk factors of Dollarama Inc. Strategy planning process often requires five steps –. 4 "Dollarama WACC %", Inc 5 Dollarama, "2020 Financial-statement", - Statement-FY20Q4-FINAL-with-PwC-AR. Toys. 1. A high-level overview of Dollarama Inc. directors succeeding Dollarama founder Larry Rossy, who will benamed Chairman Emeritus and not stand for re - election as a director. The Store Manager has a key role at Dollarama, managing and overseeing the daily retail store operation which includes day-to-day operations, merchandising activities, recruitment and training of new employees, scheduling and. docx from BIOL 10212 at Rowan University. 50 and $3. Search the annual report of Dollarama for 2018 and 2017. Dollarama is a retail chain of Canadian dollar stores headquartered in Montreal. Dollarama is a publicly-traded company, which means you can buy Dollarama stock through a broker. In 2021, the discount chain Dollarama operated 1,356 stores throughout Canada. 8% increase in diluted net earnings per share. 6% increase in diluted net earnings per share • Publication of comprehensive annual 2023 ESG Report in alignment with SASB standards and TCFD. pdf Dollarama. This increases the. The first Dollarama was opened at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane, Quebec in April, 1992. Fiscal 2024 Second Quarter Highlights Compared to Fiscal 2023 Second Quarter Results. reader with a view and analysis, from the perspective of management, of the Corporation’s financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year. 3 million. Dollarama Inc. Assess Dollarama ’s attractiveness as an LBO candidate . Dollarama Inc. Acceptable formats: JPG, PNG, PDF, TXT, DOC, DOCX. 3% • Publication of Climate Strategy and 2022 ESG Update, including first -generation intensity reductionDollar General is a corporation that was set up to provide a selection of merchandise like consumables, home products, and apparel to consumers at a lower price than they would get elsewhere. 5. Was the StatementThe Dollarama Vendor Code of Conduct (the “Vendor Code”) applies to companies, foreign or domestic, that supply goods and/or services Dollarama, and is meant to ensure that to Dollarama’s business partners have a clear understanding of Dollarama’s expectations concerning their business standards and practices. 8 target by the end of this year. 03. University of Washington. Prod #: 210041-PDF-ENG Dollarama Inc. This remarkable performance speaks to theDeveloping energy storage Energy storage capacity of the Apple- sponsored California Flats project is of 240 megawatt-hours (Apple, 2021). CASE Report Part 2. 8 per cent, but the number of transactions rose 3. is Canada’s leading dollar store that sells general merchandise, and seasonal items that range up to $2. This statistic shows the distribution of merchandise offerings at Dollarama stores in Canada for the fiscal year ending January 30, 2022. It’s worth noting that most are. Dollarama’s competition to an even greater extent may come from mass merchants such as Canadian Tire, WalMart and Costco, many of which operate stores in the areas where Dollarama operates, offer products that are similar to those offered by Dollarama. Dollarama Job Application Process. The industrial revenue had grown to $5. In addition, the company is an active buyer of its. School Buhach Colony High; Course Title PHYS 0463. Since 2009 it is Canada's biggest retailer of items for five dollars or less,. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS . As of February 2019, Ontario was the Canadian province home to the most Dollar Tree stores in the whole of Canada, with 110. Dollarama Problem - We are the bank- lending to bain to acquire Dollarama o Up to 600M Term A, B, SeniorDollaramaってどんなお店? 最初に、 Dollaramaがどんなお店なのか、特徴や雰囲気 を説明します。 お店の特徴. January 2020 DOLLARAMA INC. 1 million ($470. , 2012) SCM 5004 Individual Assignment By Saleh Towfiq Submitted to: Professor Michael Kirk Thursday, November 07, 2013 2. At the end of 2018, Dollarama had a total of 1,160 locations, whereas Dollar Tree and Canadian Tire had 220 & 496, respectively. Dollarama Inc NPV calculation is a very important one as NPV helps determine whether the investment will lead to a positive value or a negative value. Since being founded in 1992, the Montreal, Québec-based company has expanded and is. case study will help professionals, MBA, EMBA, and leaders to develop a broad and clear understanding of casecategory challenges. and general merchandise for #3830 Montreal-based Dollarama Inc. Originally naming the store S. Then upload your file to the system from your device, importing it from internal mail, the cloud, or by adding its URL. Has global presence. sur LinkedIn. The company offers the daily need forINDEPENDENT VALUATION OF DOLLARAMA BY BANK The initial estimates of Dollarama fall between $900 and $1. Acceptable formats: JPG, PNG, PDF, TXT, DOC, DOCX. BICG 9303. We're Canada's leading dollar store for everyday products and general merchandise—all for under $4. Sales at the chain grew by 16. 25 and $1. r. This policy addresses various types of business conduct including, but not limited to: Serving Canadians With Purpose. Dollarama Inc. Dollarama - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Shoaib 2 INTRODUCTION Dollarama, which opened its first store in April 1992, is now Canada's largest dollar store chain, with 900 stores throughout the world. C. There were 1,486 Dollarama stores in Canada as of January 2023. 3. Investor Presentation Q4-FY2020 Cautionary statement Forward-Looking Information This presentationa complex operating environment. financiere et compte. 2 Executive Summary Dollarama Inc. There are currently over 1000 retail stores across Canada. , in search results, to enrich docs, and more. A CLEAR PURPOSE To provide Canadians from all walks of life with the best quality and value on every dollar they spend, and provide them with proximity and convenient. MKT MISC. ADMS 1000. This document provides detailed information about the Corporation's history, operations, risks, governance, and outlook, as well as its. png. – Annual Information Form Page 1 1 EXPLANATORY NOTES Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this annual information form (the “Annual. 2. 30% by 2075. HRMT 621. Variety store; Dollarama; Dollarama Inc; Dollarama s success; 22 pages. Dollarama Inc. Based on the zip codes of U. Get Contacts for HR Department. ECON 3070: Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Fall 2020 Instructors: ProfessorsThe Investor Relations section provides the latest company information to help put Dollarama’s performance into perspective. Business 5301 Essay Page 1 Overview of Dollarama Introduction Dollarama is a Canadian retail store organization. Dollarama Job Application Process. St. pdf from ACCT 242 at University of Pennsylvania. Inherited Off-Price business model HBC has an off-pricing mode called Find @ Lord and Taylor and Saks OFF 5 th that caters to value seeking customers who have existing luxury needs. The firm earned $1. Dollarama. Issued unsecured notes with good credit rating. docx from FINANCE AN 447 at Karatina University. docx. 12 1 November 2020 Generational Conflict of Old and Young InView full document. This would be the minimum flow rate required for the sprinkler head to prove the correct Design Density. Dollarama's EBIT is CA$1. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS March 28, 2019 3 EBITDA Represents operating income plus depreciation and amortization. Consolidated Interim Statement of Net Earnings and Comprehensive Income For the 13-week periods ended (Unaudited, expressed in thousands of Canadian dollars, except share and per share amounts) The accompanying note s are an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements. Net. Since 2009, it has been Canada’s largest retailer of items priced at or below $4. [6] Since 2009 it is Canada's biggest retailer of items for five dollars or less, including tax- 75 cents. 1% of sales1 $0. docx. pdf. Dollarama Inc. View DOL. Cleaning supplies, toys, candy, groceries, gifts, healthcare products, kitchenware, stationery, party supplies, and hardware are sold at Dollarama stores. Seneca College. (Dollarama International). 8% increase in diluted net earnings per share. doc from AA 1Assignment #1 Name: Gautam Sharma Professor: Mr. This will be used to compute the financial ratios of. balance sheet, income statement, cash flow, earnings & estimates, ratio and margins. operates the chain of stores and performs related logistical and administrative support activities. Dollarama aims to provide customers with a consistent shopping experience and compelling value, offering a broad assortment of general merchandise. It was founded in 1992, and the headquarters are in Montreal, Quebec and has 1300 stores across Canada, which includes household essentials to all seasonal items at a very competitive and reasonable price (Dollarama, 2023). 12 billion, up from $1. BUS 575. CA financial statements in full. Dollarama’s 2021 ESG Report has been prepared in alignment with the Multiline and Specialty Retailers & Distributors industry standard, which SASB has identified as. pdf. Dollarama said the average transaction size fell 2. Rapport. Consolidated Financial Statements January 30, 2022 and January 31, 2021 (Expressed in thousands of Canadian dollars, unless otherwise noted) PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP/s. In 2018, there had 1160 stores of Dollarama in Canada, while Dollar tree had 224 stores and Dollar store had 114 stores. Fiscal year is February . Pets. BICG 9303. Revenue: $1 to $5 billion (USD) General Merchandise & Superstores. Case of 12. FRAUD ASSESSMENT Considering fraud, the main fraud risks will surround the sales and cash accounts. 1. (2020, April) 2020 Annual Information Form. 6/23/2020 ASSIGNMENT 1 PURCHASING AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT COMPANY NAME: DOLLARAMA Inc. Dollarcity offers a broad assortment of general merchandise, consumable products and seasonal items at select, fixed price points up to US$4. 23. They should also focus on improving their customer service not only when the from BUSINESS MISC at Seneca CollegeAppendix A – Porter’s Five Forces (Dollar and Variety Store Industry) Industry Rivalry – High Competitive Structure: The industry is highly concentrated with top players accounting for 71. pdf), Text File (. James Davidson Dollarama Dollarama Inc. The ongoing pattern suggests that Dollarama’s stock price is about to break above the key resistance reaching to 97. One could find products at $1. View More. Its total assets and total liabilities are CA$5. dollarama external competitive environment to identify opportunities and threats. 00 price points Launch of. Related Case Solutions: Bain Capital: Outback Steakhouse The Facebook IPO Litigation Oceanbulk Maritime S. 05 billion. Profile of Dollarama. * Your application for: * Attach your resume: Choose file. Learn how Dollarama, the only national pure play dollar store chain in the country, achieved strong growth and profitability in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022. 1 Study Question Discuss the Effect of Corona Virus on Disclosure Regulations of Mutual Funds withSaks in the city meets Dollarama Page 2 Figure 8 also shows the flip side of a booming knowledge-service entry nexus and that is the stagnation of middle class and working class jobs in Toronto over the past two and a half decades. Dollarama is a retail chain of Canadian dollar stores headquartered in Montreal. 14/12/2021. 1; Uploaded By sanubedi. (together with itsDollarama is proud to continue on its ESG journey, taking the necessary steps towards a more transparent and sustainable future. Bus800 Group Assignment 1: Dollarama Company Analysis Discount Retail Industry Due: March 4, 2019 By: Michael Hing King – 500547541 Haig Shahinian – 500678513 Aram Balouzian – 500678286 Hayley Shum – 500697030 f1. From Dollarama Inc (n. SOAP NOTE 14 (1). Chiu & Weisserman LLP Dollar tree. To this end, vendors are required to maintain complete and accurate records, to respond to inquiries and requests for information, to grant Dollarama or a designated agent of Dollarama with reasonable access to facilities, records Quantitative CG-MR-310a. With 1,462 corporately owned stores, Dollarama Inc. 8 TOPIC ACCOUNTING METRIC CATEGORY CODE DOLLARAMA DATA SOURCE/MORE INFORMATION Meanwhile, certain lots of Bed Head TIGI, Dove and Tresemmé Dry Shampoo products sold at Dollarama have also been recalled due to cancer-causing carcinogen. 6/2/2013. 5 mm/min. This MD&Aprovides the. 8% of the industry revenue in 2017 and Dollarama owning 60. memoiredefindetude353-160507122028. In 1987, he co-founded and was the President of Kenrick Capital, a private equity business. Dec 7, 2022. 6% to $1,455. Dollarama Profile and History. means that Dollarama are financially feasible to carry out this strategy. * Are you legally authorized to work in Canada? * Have you ever been employed at. Dollarama opened its sixth warehouse, a 500,000-square-foot building in Lachine, in 2016, boosting overall storage capacity by around 40% in terms of square footage. (2) This information is not disclosed by Dollarama. l. First Quarter Ended May 1, 2022 . , n. It was not until early 2009 that they started offering the sales of products at a fixed price rate of $2 or less. Log in Join. Since 2009, it has been Canada’s largest retailer of items priced at or below $4. 3 Note April. York University. The company provides a broad range of everyday consumer products, general merchandise, and seasonal. Benzeneis classified as a human carcinogen, Health Canada said. 6. A. 2% • 1,225 stores across Canada and 19,300 employees in 2019 • Large physical presence, strict pricing model, and superior product offerings • Closet Competitor: • Market share: 8. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Fiscal Year Ended February 2, 2020 April 1, 2020 The following management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) dated April 1, 2020 is intended to assist readers in understanding the business environment, strategies, performance and risk factors of Dollarama Inc. Health Canada says it has identified a "chemical hazard" as Benzene has been detected in the products. Weaknesses. ’s 2023 annual general meeting of shareholders. Dollarama Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year Expert HelpMontreal based Dollarama Inc sells consumer products. Diluted earnings per share up 32. Dollarama has more than 14,000 employees, usually 20 per store, about a third of them part-time. Jun 8, 2022. 1 Political Factors -Labour costs are largely outside of the Dollarama’s control because it is driven by the. Dollarama today is a recognized Canadian value retailer with well. Dollarama Inc. pdf. As a result, the company needs to have a. The steps involved in purchasing Dollarama shares are summarized in detail in the following section. 1. pdf from BMK1 1054 at Fanshawe College. 4% of the market share. St. Ellingsworth Page 1 Devyn Ellingsworth Professor Thorstensen English 101. 165% in the amount of CAD 450 mln maturing in 2030. Dollarama has one distribution facility and seven warehouses, five of which are held by corporations controlled by the corporation's executive chairman, Larry Rose, and are subject to lease agreements that expire in November 2024. In addition to good financial results and ethical business practices, they also aim to increase shareholder value through responsible and efficient communication (Dollarama Inc. has chosen a fiscal year ending at a different time to the calendar year. For the full fiscal year, Dollarama’s earnings jumped nearly 17 per cent to $5. As at January 30, 2022, theNA Other If additional user defined lines are required please use the table from FINE 622 at McGill UniversityDollarama intends to redevelop the site to support future logistics needs as it pursues its previously disclosed network growth objective of 2,000 stores in Canada by 2031. Basic Requirements. Mount Kenya University. This process was informed by Dollarama’s enterprise risk assessment, coupled with an in-depth ESG materiality assessment. BUSINESS 101. This maintains the authenticity of the idea and service provided by the company. Ayoub Alaoui. Chapter 10 Study Questions. at Dollarama Inc. PDF Report : Dollarama Inc. . The selection of items offered in stores at any one time varies, and Dollarama consistently updates product offerings. Dollarama is also committed to contributing to the quality of life of its workforce by foster-ing a positive work environment. 2 billion increased to $ 1. Today’s top 870 Warehouse Supervisor jobs in Canada. 2022-Climate-Strategy-and-ESG-Report. (“Dollarama International”) has retail operations in Latin America through its 50. (TSX: DOL) ("Dollarama" or the "Corporation") today announced that J. All values CAD Millions. By looking at how they limited the negative effects of the supply chain. DOLLARAMA CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICS 4 ABOUT DOLLARAMA Dollarama is a recognized Canadian value retailer offering a broad assortment of consumable products, general merchandise and seasonal items both in-store and online. , 2013) “Dollarama to keep expanding after 20% profit surge Montreal discount retailer has opened 93 stores in a year (Shaw, Finncial Post, 2013) Dollarama expects to continue expanding its Canadian discount chain by adding. of Stores Growth* Revenue per SQ FT ($) Figure 2: Dollarama and its US Peers (EBITDA Margin vs SSS Growth) 3-year average SSS growth is relatively consistent among the four peers, however, Dollarama enjoys much higher EBITDA margins due to its market dominance, sourcing expertise, and lack. C. This presentation provides an overview of Dollarama's business strategy, financial performance, store network, product offering, and outlook for the future. Founded in 1992, Dollarama has grown to become one of Canada's leading discount retailers. Toronto, ON. ), Dollarama served a hundred years and 4 th generation business family owned company that can be traced back in 1910 where the business started and was named as S. c. Dec 7, 2022. Assistant Warehouse Manager jobs. Smith , Jan 13, 2022. As you. 8. pdf from COMM 401 at Concordia University. This presentation provides an overview of Dollarama's business strategy, financial performance, store network, product offering, and outlook for the future. Dollarama Inc. txt from AUDITING dba 302 at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. 00 or less. Choose file Acceptable formats: JPG, PNG, PDF, TXT, DOC, DOCX. 2. Find. Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of supplier can also affect an industry just as the buyers can. The reason for that is because revenue exceeds expenses . 06% and a strong track record of store expansion. pdf. 10000+ Employees. Lab 1 Lab Report. * Required fields. pdf. Dollarama Inc. The Company conducts its business through its subsidiaries, including Dollarama L. SOAP NOTE 14 (1). 6 Strategy 5: Party Section This party was written by: Soumiya Selvakumar Cost Leadership Dollarama Inc is one of the multinational firms with highest recognition in market segments. 1B FY21 EBITDA or 28. 9 million) during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. (together with itsIndeed in an earnings conference call with investment analysts last December from ADMS 1000 at York UniversityDollarama was founded by third-generation retailer and Canadian entrepreneur, Larry Rossy. HRMT 5110. John's University. 0B and CA$4. 00 Earnings Release. Dollarama expects its vendors to use resources, material and energy efficiently and responsibly, to ensure that the goods they supply to Dollarama comply with the prohibition against importation of goods made in whole or in part from forced labor, and to respect our ethical principles in their interactions with Dollarama employees at all times. 25, followed by Dollar Tree with 5. Step-by-step process on how and where to buy Dollarama stock. About Dollarama Dollarama is Canada’s leading dollar store operator with 652 locations across the country. 22 per share over the past 12 months. Although, the company has grown into a successful and profitable business since its inception in 1992, it continually faces challenges in maintaining its lead in the industry. Dollarama est fière de poursuivre son parcours en matière d’exigences ESG, en prenant les mesures nécessaires pour contribuer à un avenir plus transparent et… Dollarama S. vs. Students also studiedView Notes - Problem Set 3. Dollarama first opened its doors in Quebec and moved to Ontario in 1994. Midas Group - Porter analasys and Costsheet - 29 June 2020. Dr. For example, paying 2$ for toothpaste or 3$ for headphones or battery charger is still very much in the value sector of the respective category. This still represents a. But how does labour market inequality, runaway increases in knowledge workers, an upsurge inIsha Bedi Phys 8-18 - Module 3-1 Forces I. 5 Dollarama steadily rising trend is approaching toward a key resistance at 85. Acceptable formats: JPG, PNG, PDF, TXT, DOC, DOCX. Macbeth PP Presentation Notes 1. Dollarama being a vital part of the variety store industry is providing a competitive edge to many other dollar stores. Gallo. The authors chose to study three levels (head office, warehouses, and retail stores) to gain a deeper understanding of the functions and processes of each level, and to understand the working relationships between them. General merchandise accounted for 42 percent. Last fiscal year, net earnings were $663. 3. Introduction. 80 in Toronto, the biggest decline since December. NUMBER 27. PESTEL analysis is critical to understand the external threats & opportunities arising because of the macro. Our commitment to being a responsible retailer and to building a sustainable business is guided by our clear purpose: to provide Canadians from all walks of life with the best quality. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 The following management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) dated March 31, 2021 is intended to assist readers in understanding the business environment, strategies, performance and risk factors of Dollarama Inc. You must advise Dollarama of any refund or exchange request within thirty (30) days from shipment of your order through the Contact us form with a picture of the defective or damaged product(s), as well as a picture of the original packaging. Store Manager. He is currently on the board of directors for Dollarama,. P. Leading Canadian value retail brand. We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Dollarama Inc. GIFT CARD BALANCE Check the balance on your gift card. 13. New issue: Issuer Dollarama Inc. In 2018 , for each dollar invested in assets , they were able to generate $ 1. – Annual Information Form Page 1 1 EXPLANATORY NOTES Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this annual information form (the “Annual Information Form”) is stated as at January 31, 2021, the last day of the Corporation’s most recently completed fiscal year, and all dollar amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars. , 2012) SCM 5004 Individual Assignment By Saleh Towfiq Submitted to: Professor Michael Kirk Thursday, November 07, 2013 2. High levels of inflation have been a positive for Dollarama compared to other businesses, all of. New Warehouse Supervisor jobs added daily. Dollarama hires personnel frequently. . Solutions Available. 5. Increased Payment Options The second strategy that we suggest Bain Capital. e how much is Bain. The key advantage for Dollarama is its geographic dominance of its stores in Canada. Rosy Inc. g. no. * Your application for: * Attach your resume: Choose file. The set of strong results has allowed Dollarama to hike its quarterly dividend by 7% and from this year on, the quarterly dividend will increase to C$0. 1% growth in EBITDA to $366. pdf. [7] Dollarama has over 1500 stores and is active in all of Canada; Ontario has the most stores. Every year Dollarama attempts to refresh 25% to 30% of SKUs by discontinuing or replacing them, as warranted. GL S T U D E N T N A M E S A N I Contents Introduction:. Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as at (Expressed in thousands of Canadian dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. Edit studio business cards dollarama. All values CAD Millions. They provide customers with convenient locations, including metropolitan areas, mid-sized cities and small towns. Bus800 Group Assignment 1: Dollarama Company Analysis Discount Retail Industry Due: March 4, 2019 By: Michael Hing King – 500547541 Haig Shahinian – 500678513 Aram Balouzian – 500678286 Hayley Shum – 500697030 f1. Has global presence. (Press C. 2. Conclusions – MBA & EMBA professionals should state their conclusions at the very start. Our commitment to being a responsible retailer and to building a sustainable business is guided by our clear purpose: to provide Canadians from all walks of life with the best quality and value, as well as proximity and convenient access to affordable, everyday items. Max. Notes: The Dollarama vessel population data was compiled by Lisa Zimanyi (Zimanyi, Lisa.